Essay on Individual Privacy vs National Security - 2509 Words

Individual Privacy vs. National Security Anthony Sifuentes ENG 122 English Composition II Instructor vonFrohling February 13, 2012 Individual Privacy vs. National Security The need to protect National Security is far more important than individual privacy. The greatest part of living in the United States of America is the freedom that we have. That freedom and the right to live freely is protected by various government agencies. From time to time, the privacy a person has may have to be invaded to guarantee the security of the country and other citizens. Everyone has the right to not have their life controlled by the government, but it has the right to make sure that citizens are not doing anything to threaten the security of†¦show more content†¦Privacy is, and should continue to be, a fundamental dimension of living in a free, democratic society. Laws protect â€Å"government, credit, communications, education, bank, cable, video, motor vehicle, health, telecommunications, children’s and financial information; generally carve out exceptions for disclosure of personal information; and auth orize the use of warrants, subpoenas, and court orders to obtain the information.† (Protecting Individual Privacy in the Struggle Against Terrorists: A Framework for Program Assessment, 2008) This is where a lot of people feel as though they have their privacy violated. Most Americans are law-abiding citizens who do not commit illegal acts against the country, they want to go about their lives, minding their own business and not having to worry about outside interference. The fine line between privacy and National Security may not be so fine in everyone’s mind. While it is the job of government agencies to ensure the overall safety of the country and those living in it, the citizens that obey the law and do not do anything illegal often wonder why they are subject to any kind of search, when they can clearly point out, through documentation, that they have never done anything wrong. Both National Security and individual privacy were massively affected by the terr orist attacks of September 11, 2001. In a matter of minutes, four airplanes wereShow MoreRelatedIndividual Privacy vs National Security5833 Words   |  24 PagesIndividual Privacy VS National Security John Williams ENG 122: GSE 1244A Instructor: Ebony Gibson November 1, 2012 Individual Privacy VS National Security Introduction Since the terrorist attack of 9/11, America has been in a high level conflict with terrorist around the world, particularly the group known as Al Qaeda. There has been many discussions within the U.S. Congress about the measures of how to effectively combat this organization and their members, here and abroad. ConsequentlyRead MoreIndividual Privacy vs. National Security1770 Words   |  8 PagesIndividual Privacy vs. National Security Individual Privacy vs. National Security is something that many people have argued for years. Many people have forgotten what a disturbance September 11, 2001 was to everyone in America. This was the day that 2,992 lives were stolen in the attacks by the Taliban on U.S. soil. Due to this attack the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) along with the Federal Government has put in place many new security regulations. Many people have lostRead MoreIndividual Privacy vs. National Security: A Report628 Words   |  3 PagesIndividual Privacy vs National Security In liberal-democratic societies, the right to individual privacy is among the core components of the democratic system. The right to privacy is enshrined in the Constitution of the United States and is a part of value systems Americans are proud of and cherish. Concepts related to privacy touch on freedom, trust, the right to be left alone, obedience, and free will (Michael Michael, 2006, p. 360). The privacy needs of citizens, however, can be fully metRead MoreEssay about Individual Privacy vs. National Security1039 Words   |  5 PagesIndividual Privacy vs. National Security Antonio Ewings ENG 122 English Compositions 2 Instructor: Sarah McDonald January 16, 2012 Individual Privacy vs. National Security Individual privacy is basically the exposure of a person’s limitations to the open public. There are different perspectives in different scenarios on a person’s individual privacy. Every human has a right to their own privacy. Some people scream more than others on how much privacy they actually have. In a perfect worldRead MoreThe Security Of Our Nation1359 Words   |  6 Pagesour nation was established, security was not an issue. The towns then were little and almost everyone knew their fellow neighbors and what was going on. The security of the individual is an essential right. Without protection, the vote based framework that we know would not exist. Protection is one of the central qualities on which our nation was established. There are special cases to the protection of our rights that are made by the requirement for resistance and security. In every country, the needRead MoreThe Security Vs. Privacy1537 Words   |  7 Pages1. At stake are two forces representing a critical dilemma of the post-2001 world: security vs. privacy. Fighting for security, the FBI is seeking â€Å"backdoor† access to the iPhone in question that was used by one of the two suspects in the San Bernardino shooting in December 2015. Defending privacy is Apple, Inc., designer and marketer of the Apple iPhone. The two suspects under investigation are linked with known terrorist groups, possibly ISIS, with definitive proof of these links locked away inRead MoreThe Importance Of Personal Information And How People Feel About It1613 Words   |  7 Pagesinformations can lead to serious consequences. Individuals and organizations can use other people’s personal informations without their allowances, which can be harmful to the livelihoods of these people. For example, identity thefts use others’ credit cards to cause personal finan cial loss. It is important to have control and protect personal informations Consumer Privacy Protection Act of 2015 was to protect privacy and sensitive personal information against security breaches, frauds, and misuse of personalRead MoreApple s : A Fool s Mission1269 Words   |  6 PagesiPhones before refusing to hack into terrorist’s device. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/apple-unlocked-70-iphones-refusal-article-1.2536178 2. San Bernardino shooting http://www.cnn.com/specials/san-bernardino-shooting 3. Government Calls Apple’s iPhone Arguments in San Bernardino Case a ‘Diversion’ http://www.wired.com/2016/03/government-calls-apples-iphone-arguments-san-bernardino-case-diversion/ 4. FBI vs. Apple: A fool’s mission http://www.cdapress.com/news/local_news/article_e78f27a8-0dc2-529c-843e-8e8c42104a5eRead MoreCyber Security And Security Of The Users1520 Words   |  7 Pagesinfotainment [1]. When these kinds of services are introduced, they also bring in the vulnerabilities associated with them, resulting in increased number of security threats and attacks. Hence, it is very important to ensure that these services do not compromise the safety and security of the users [2]. This paper aims to provide a brief overview of cyber security in vehicular networks by analyzing its vulnerabilities, challenges and solutions. I. Introduction Vehicular networks consist of in-vehicle networksRead MoreSecurity Vs. Privacy : Should Edward Snowden Be Pardoned For Leaking1277 Words   |  6 PagesSecurity vs. Privacy Should Edward Snowden be pardoned for leaking thousands of classified NSA documents? An analysis of the merits of the Snowden leaks and the broader issue of security vs. privacy and mass surveillance from the perspective of at least two ethical theories. Following the terrorist attacks on 911, President George W. Bush signed into law The USA PATRIOT Act. Intended to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, The Patriot Act the made changes to surveillance laws that

Mbti Critique - 2357 Words

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was developed in part to offer a form of Jung s personality type theory that is more coherent and useful in people s lives. It has become one of the most accepted and widely-used development tools for assessing personality characteristics in non-psychiatric populations. Applications have been made across a broad range of human knowledge, including in areas such as psychotherapy and counseling; education, learning methods, cognitive styles, career counseling, and management and leadership in organizations. Isabel Briggs Myers devoted a great deal of her life to the creation of an instrument that would be valuable to the largest possible population of people, initially designed to facilitate research†¦show more content†¦People use all of the type preferences and processes at various times, and each is appropriate in certain situations. Be that as it may, one s inborn inclination will predominantly determine which are most used and which will in that case, be best developed. This gives rise to unlimited alternatives, even among people of the same code type. Test Development The MBTI is conceptualized as a psychological instrument to functionally apply an adaptation of Jung s theory of Psychological Types, which means that they would be attempting to measure the mind to a certain degree. The question then becomes, are the use of mathematics and statistical methods a valid means of measurement for attributes like intelligence or, in this case, personality. The word indicator, rather than test, was probably used in naming the MBTI in order to refrain from connotations of right or wrong, good or bad in completing the instrument. This fits in with Jung s theory and philosophy that all of the types are good. Structure and Administration The MBTI may be administered in groups or individually. All key instructions are found on the cover of the question booklets, and solutions are marked on answer sheets. The MBTI Accreditation Program is designed to facilitate a standard format of administration, scoring and interpretation by accredited usersShow MoreRelatedEssay On Myers Briggs Type Indicator1465 Words   |  6 PagesMyers–Briggs Personality Indicator Introduction The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is based on the Jung’s theory of psychological types. The test is a self-report questionnaire that gives insight in how people interpret the world around them. This can be significantly important, as it can help someone better understand themselves, as well as their relationships, education, career, and role in the workplace. The MBTI was was developed by Katharine Cook Briggs together with her daughter Isabel BriggsRead MorePersonalityDimensionsAssignmentWinter2015 1898 Words   |  4 Pagesstudying, self-administering, and then interpreting and reporting on the results of, several â€Å"personality tests.† Each test assesses, typically, just a singular dimension [facet] of this multi-dimensional construct [though some, like the Big 5 and MBTI, measure multiple dimensions on the one test]. To interpret the result[s] properly you will need to investigate / study / research to understand each of the dimensions on each of the tests and what they specifically measure and how the measurementRead MorePersonality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique1950 Words   |  8 PagesRunning head: Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique University of phoenix PSYCH 525 Personality Assessment Instrument or Inventory Critique Myers-Briggs Indicator Type has developed to offer a part in Jung form of personality theory type; which has considered coherence in Indian life. Myers-Briggs’ most widely used and accepted developed tool works together in personal characteristicsRead MoreI, By The Audience Experienced The Journey Of Chris Ladd882 Words   |  4 PagesMyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). He then distinguished the purpose behind the formations of the measures, which allowed him to critique their practices. With the MBTI, the measure is set to uphold Jung’s theory, and thus tests for the presence of specific traits. The MMPI, however, is merely looking for the norm of behaviors and attitudes and comparing the norm to abnormalities. Ladd struggled with these tests, as the MBTI failed in reasoningRead MoreEvaluation of Myers-Briggs1910 Words   |  8 PagesTEST REVIEW AND CRITIQUE The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Abstract The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is used extensively by educators, counselors, and other professionals. Based on Jungs theory of psychological types, the psychodynamic model of the MBTI is useful for self-understanding and life-long development. MBTI type descriptions characterize 16 types at their best; provide positive, self-affirming goals; and note blind spots and problems to avoid. The MBTI problem-solvingRead MoreAstrology and Alchemy - the Occult Roots of the Mbti4990 Words   |  20 PagesSounding Board Psychologists and managers may be surprised to discover that the origins of the world’s most widely used psychometric instrument lie in pre-modern systems of knowledge. Astrology and alchemy – the occult roots of the MBTI by Peter Case and Garry Phillipson There appear to be no reputable investigations into the influence of astrology and alchemy on organisation and management, which is surprising given the continuing popularity of astrology. Aside from some research into how marketingRead MoreCompare and Contrast1582 Words   |  7 PagesBriggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and the Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis (T-JTA). The 16PF is a comprehensive measure of normal-range personality that is used to gather an in-depth, integrated picture of the whole person. It was introduced over 40 years ago and has widely been used for a variety of applications including treatment planning and couples’ counseling, and to provide support for vocational guidance, hiring and promotion recommendations. The MBTI assessment is a widely usedRead MoreThe Test For Critique : Frank Parsons1873 Words   |  8 Pages Test for Critique Frank Parsons opened the first career guidance center in Boston in 1908, he began by asking prospective clients â€Å"116 rigorous questions about their ambitions, strengths, and weaknesses†( Myer 25 ). But then he did something more unusual: He measured their skulls. Parsons was a committed believer in phrenology. If you had a large forehead, he might recommend you become a lawyer or engineer. But if your skull was more developed behind the ears, you were of the â€Å"animal type†(MyerRead MoreTest Critique2285 Words   |  10 PagesTest: Include also the date it was originally developed as well as the date of the current version. This should be done in a narrative form under the subheading The test critique is based on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. This was a mother and daughter joint effort of Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers developed the MBTI ®. They have been fascinated with enduring work on Carl Jungs theories in the 1920’s regarding psychological type preferences. Carl Jung believed that theories can beRead MoreThe Big Five Personality Traits Essay1987 Words   |  8 Pagesperimeters, this essay with address several critiques that affect the evaluation of contemporary use in each of the three personality tests: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT), but only several characteristics will be analyzed thoroughly to produce a more elaborate and detailed discussion. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a psychometric self-report questionnaire

Discuss How Community Nursing Can Enhance the Care Given to Service Users and Their Carers free essay sample

n the United Kingdom community care has developed as an extensive political aim for 35 years. It wasn’t until the late 1980’s the change of direction was predisposed by the audit commission in 1986 and then the Griffiths report in 1988. The NHS and community care act was formed within the UK in 1990 (DOH 1990). This enabled local health and social services to take charge over their own budgets, therefore assisting them in becoming the consumer and supplier of care. (Ryan, A. A. et al). This essay will discuss how community nursing can enhance the care given to service users and their carers. It will discuss key terms such as the community nurse, the population group and how community nursing will enhance their care. Statistics will be used to support the findings. The essay will look into the shift to community care from the hospital and the role of the district nurse within this. This will be supported with political decisions and policies. This essay will discuss the role of the community nurse in providing health promotion for the service users and carers. A description of a carer, their role within the community care services and how a nurse/patient therapeutic relationship can develop and benefit the service user. This essay will also focus on the district nurse as part of the community nursing team. Northern Ireland is an ageing society. Since the early 1930’s those aged over 65 has more than doubled, therefore making a fifth of the population over 60. People over 80 are set to increase by almost half and those over 90 will double by 2025. Older people continue to have a greater need for social care services. As a result most of the social care resources are directed at their needs (DoH, 2001). â€Å"Old age and older people† are terms that are used every day and define a particular period in an individual’s lifetime. A definition of old age requires more than a physical outlook; even though â€Å"old† can be described as certain physical changes in life. Within society people aging may be considered as becoming more problematic for nurses. However, in reality this doesn’t necessarily have to be the case as older people are defined by the state retirement age of 65 (Pickering and Thompson). This was argued by the DOH 2001 as they stated, societal attitudes have changed in previous years and retirement is now not considered as a preparation for decline. As a result of this, health services have had to adjust their approach to the elderly (DoH, 2001). This population group is important to define as it will be the focus population in this essay. In Northern Ireland those aged between 65 and 80 remain more independent than those aged older, however they do use more Health and Social care services than those of younger age. In addition it is when they are over the age of 80 the demand for these services rapidly increases (DoH, 2001). According to WHO 1974, community is the people of a district or country considered collectively, especially in the context of social values and responsibilities. According to the Royal College of Nursing in 2010 (RCN), the work of a community nurse can be defined as promoting health, healing, growth and development, prevention and treatment of disease, illness, injury and disability to a variety of people. They will enable people to achieve, maintain or recover their independence where possible. They will also minimise distress, while promoting quality of life where independence is not possible (RCN, 2010). The Community Nursing Team is an umbrella term for the team of nurses that work in the community, such as the health visitor, district nurse, community midwife and other specialist nurses such as the diabetic nurse. There are also care managers who assess patients both financially and for their care needs (RCN,2010). Within the community nursing team is the district nurse. The role of the district nurse involves assessing, organising and delivering care to support people living in their own homes. The majority of people cared for tend to be of the older population. A district nurse provides one of the few 24 hour services in primary care for an often vulnerable, house bound population (Audit commission, 1999). The key purpose in providing community care services is to allow people to continue living in their own home and to retain as much freedom as possible while avoiding social isolation. Care needs can be difficult to gauge and the provision of these needs also involves matching the patient’s expectation, finances available and those persons willing to do the job (Sines, et al). The district nurse will recognise the needs of the patient and refer them to the appropriate persons to meet their needs (Chilton et al) Older people are no different to anyone else in society they wish to enjoy good health while remaining independent as long as they possibly can. Their independence will often depend on the services provided for their health and social care, and the effectiveness of these services (DoH, 2001). According to the DOH, 2004 they estimate that there are 170,000 older people receiving personal care at home from their local council,  therefore the role of the district nurse is crucial to provide the necessary health and social care for those who remain in their own home. Much of the focus of this care is promoting independence and early intervention in order to prevent a person from requiring long-term care in hospital. DOH 2012 stated, ‘Greater integration of Health Care has led to improved care processes, more satisfied staff and reduced use of ho spitals. The study carried out by the DOH (2012), revealed that hospital care was needed less for elderly patients at risk of hospital admissions when their care was co-ordinated by a care manager and community nursing team. Across a person’s lifetime the district nurses work in various surroundings, of which they provide primary nursing and health care. The nurse’s role has begun to shift in recent years. Governments are aiming for the transition of patients out of the hospital and into a community environment and by directing more attention to the provision of disease recovery nursing care (RCN, 2011) Furthermore, the community nurse’s role has developed additional emphasis on the delivery of primary intervention measures to avoid exacerbations or problems for patients living with chronic illness. Therefore (re)admission to hospital could be preventable (RCN, 2010). The nursing role has also significantly changed as the nurse is now involved in policy making and prescribing medications which was generally done by doctors (Courtenay 2000). McGregor (2008) noted the important role of the nurse in the implementation in the NHS plan (2000). The nurse’s role was expanded to, â€Å"Provide more secondary care in community settings,† while delivering 24 hour care across a variety of services. In addition to the NHS plan came the NHS improvement plan. This introduced community matrons, this is a highly skilled nursing role, using case management; that managed and supported older people with long term conditions to remain at home for longer (DOH 2004a). This role however is known as a care manager within the Northern Ireland Health Service. It is often not a nurse carrying out this role, however the responsibilities remain similar. While district nursing mainly cares for elderly people. District nurses therefore must be aware of the health and social needs for the area they are working in to deliver their care to older people in order to meet their needs and ensure that this group does not become socially isolated (Rawlinson 2012 et al in Chilton 2012 et al). According to the Nursing and Midwifery Council 2009 (NMC 2009) guidelines there are three main elements to provide safe and effective ways to provide care to the elderly; these are people, process and place. When referring to people it is considering the district nurse who is delivering this care by being competent, assertive and empathetic. Process can be defined as delivering quality care. This care should promote the dignity of the older person by promoting self-respect and worth. This would be done by effective communication, assessment of needs, respect for privacy and dignity and working in partnership which the carers and multi-disciplinary team. Place can be considered as the diverse environment in the community where the care is provided to the older person. These environments must be committed to equality and diversity, resourced adequately and appropriate to the needs of the elderly person, while being effectively managed. The National service Framework for older people came into existence in 2001 and is a comprehensive strategy with the purpose of ensuring fair, high quality intergraded health and social care services for older people (DoH, 2001). This was welcomed by the RCN who suggested that when put into practice it would support their existing gerontological nursing programme, currently carried out by the district nurse and make a major contribution towards the improvement of health and social wellbeing of older people (RCN and BGS, 2001). The district nurse must be fully aware of the support that is available to the older person and impart this information in an appropriate way, â€Å"Being person centred requires the formation of therapeutic relationships between professionals, patients/clients and others significant to them in their lives and that these relationships are built on mutual trust, understanding and a sharing of collective knowledge†. (McCormick and McCance, 2006). Peplau’s 1952 theory of nursing emphasised the importance of the nurse/patient relationship. The aim of the theory is that the nurse will use therapeutic communication skills to provide a sense of wellbeing for patients by ensuring that they feel not only relaxed but also secure. Person centred care enables this as trust and rapport will established between the nurse, patient and carers. Due to changes in social policy and the fact that people are living longer as a result of improvements in public health and medical advances, there is now an increasing demand for community care services. As older people are major users of care services within the community and those of the age of 65 is projected to rise to around 858,000 by the end of 2012. This further increasing the demand on these services (Bliss, 2006) Carers provide unpaid care by looking after an ill, frail or disabled family member, friend or partner. Carers can be defined by The Carers and Direct Payments Act NI 2002 as: ‘an individual, aged 16 or over, who provides or intends to provide a substantial amount of care on a regular basis’. Furthermore this care must be provided on an informal basis (NI Direct Government Services, 2009). All carers including family and friends play a key role within the community health environment, not only supporting the older person but also the community nurse (Bliss, 2005). The DOH 2008 highlights that 1 in 10 people in Britain are carers, in addition they outline that 6000 people per day take on new caring responsibilities. District nurses play an important role in supporting carers and recognise the inextricable link between the welfare of the patient and the carer; that is if one deteriorates the other will inevitably be affected. The district nurse recognises and addresses the needs of both the patient and the carer and in doing so protects the physical and mental health of both. The district nurse is in a distinctive position where they can monitor the carers’ situation and in doing so anticipate or avert a crisis (Bliss, 2005). This saves the NHS from the work as well as the costs involved in health deterioration and crisis intervention; therefore making economic sense. Carers save the economy ?  57 billion annually, and it is said that having carers can be likened to having a second NHS (Martin 2007). Within the role of the district nurse is the responsibility to help carers realise their rights and there is also a duty to encourage the carer to seek assessment and other sources of help (Henwood 1998). These assessments can prevent physical and mental deterioration of the carer, as the carers can feel social isolation, hit financial hardship and let their own health issue decline (Haire 2004). The white paper, Our Health, Our Care, Our Say (DOH 2006), is intended to bring a new deal for carers and make it easier to access the help that they need, including support in the form of help lines and information services, respite services and funding for training. In 2002 Carers amp; Direct Payments Act NI came into force to provide carers the lawful right to an assessment, it affords the trusts the control to offer services to carers, make direct payments accessible to more people, place a duty to inform on HSC boards and trusts and finally recognise children adversely affected by caring as ‘children in need’ under the Children Order (Ni Direct Government Services, 2009).. In Northern Ireland the establishment of the new public health agency, health and social care board and the patient client care council came about in 2009, because there was a need to improve health and wellbeing of people in Northern Ireland. These agencies decided that they needed to be more proactive and work towards to being able to anticipate and prevent health and social care problems as supposed to reacting to them. (Public Health Agency, 2012). The community nurse will be the first contact provider of care and will manage diseases and offer preventable services where possible (Rawlinson et al in Chilton et al). The district nurse also has to promote health to the elderly. The World Health Organisation 1984 defines health promotion as, â€Å"The process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health†. Within health promotion district nurses also have to divide health promotion into three segments to be able to give appropriate care and advice to their patients and carers. These are primary, secondary and tertiary health promotion (Scriven, 2010). Primary health promotion based on caring for the person rather than the disease, therefore ill-health can be prevented in the healthy person and thus promoting a better quality of life (Scriven, 2010). Primary health promotion is provided by a multi-disciplinary team, within which the district nurse is one of the professionals. The multi-disciplinary approach has been a key reason for primary health promotion to be positioned in the community. The role of the district nurse is both preventative and supportive, for example educating and supporting patient on healthy eating to prevent illnesses. The district nurse must also be responsive, flexible and adaptable as well as proactive in managing long and short term patients (Rawlinson et al, 2012 in Chilton et al 2012). Secondary health promotion is when a person already has an illness. Secondary health promotion aims to prevent the illness turning into chronic or irreversible decline in health (Scriven, 2010). The role of the district nurse is to educate the patient in their own illness for example teaching a patient about their diabetes and how to administer the correct dose of insulin or managing their diet to reverse this illness. Subsequently enabling the patient to become experts in their own health and promote self-care and self-help (Rawlinson et al, 2012 in Chilton et al 2012). When the patient has ill-health that could not have been prevented or completely cured, is when tertiary health promotion comes into action (Shriven, 2010). The district nurse’s role within this health promotion is to educate patients and carers to make the most of their remaining healthy life, while preventing any further complications. By doing this the district nurse would have to educate the patient and the carer on the illness, examples of this are educating patients and potential carers on Alzheimer’s , and making them aware of potential complications of this disease (Rawlinson et al, 2012 in Chilton et al 2012). In conclusion this discussion outlines the effect that community nursing has on the Health and Social care for older people. The ageing society has enforced the need for an updated health and social care sector. If the system and delivery of health and social care did not adapt to changes in the needs and requirements of the community then to cope with the extra need. Community nurses are ideally positioned to help challenge this They communicate and mediate with hospitals, health and social care professionals, patients and carers. Furthermore with the use of therapeutic relationships and health promotion, the community nursing team will provide more effective and positive care service, not only to the patient but to the caregiver also.

Leadership, Power, and Management

Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Empowering Directive Leadership Approach Comparison and Contrast Conclusion Reference List Abstract This paper provides insight into leadership, power, and management with a view of determining the best approaches to improved employee performance. Most leadership approaches used in modern organizations either promote or hamper employee performance and task proficiency.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Leadership, Power, and Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The modern world has witnessed rigorous dynamism and complexity as employee responsibilities grow less formalized and increasingly difficult to encourage specialization. This paper compares and contrasts two leadership approaches that are prevalent in the twenty-first century with a view of determining the best approach to improved employee performance. Introduction In the wake of digitization owing to the constant technological advancement, the escalation of uncertainty and rapid dynamism in the execution of leadership roles has been inevitable. Organizations face the dilemma of choosing the leadership approach that suits the changing employee behavior appropriately. It is worth noting that leadership behaviors stipulated by the embraced approach have a significant effect on task performance. Leaders play a critical role in ensuring robustness and commitment. The organizational performance mirrors the effectiveness of its management and leadership. Where the performance seems to take a declining trend, it reflects bad organizational leadership and management. Numerous leadership theories have been put forward to analyze the best and worst leadership approaches to organizational success. This paper examines the empowering and directive approaches to determine their effects on employee performance. Empowering The empowering leadership approach entails the sharing of power, work, an d resources amongst the organizational leaders and subordinates by ensuring the provision of additional responsibility and decision-making autonomy. In addition, the leaders also offer support to the employees to promote the attainment of additional tasks (Appelbaum, Karasek, Lapointe, Quelch, 2015). Although the two concepts differ in the breadth of tasks involved, empowering leadership borrows from the delegation that involves the transfer of power. Empowering goes beyond power delegation to encompass a broader scope of behaviors including the expression of confidence and building capability in the employees (Giltinane, 2013).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Three main perspectives correlate the empowering leadership approach to the employee activity in the workplace. At the outset, the self-determination theory posits that competence and autonomy are necessary ingre dients for the formation of intrinsic motivation (Van Wart, 2013). The supporters of this theory affirm that motivation encourages more complex, creative, and self-directed efforts since the autonomous behaviors are intrinsically rewarding. Besides, they offer personalized satisfaction. As leaders share power and involve employees in decision-making, self-management, and confidence, and motivation, task performance is significantly promoted. Secondly, proactive work behavior is a recent theoretical development that proposes self-efficacy (Northhouse, 2015). The proactive behavior must be supported by power autonomy and supervision (Appelbaum et al., 2015). The third perspective is the empowerment theory that considers the individual teams in different work units. These teams can be empowered to boost motivation at the unit level of performance. Providing a sense of impact, competence, and autonomy boosts the intrinsic motivation as it provokes the employees’ initiative to und ertake more roles (Van Wart, 2013). Empowerment leadership is the most helpful and applicable approach that takes care of employee behavior shifts and interests (Appelbaum et al., 2015). Directive Leadership Approach This approach can be defined using the path-goal theory. It encompasses behaviors that offer employees guidance to the set goals, achievement of strategies, and performance standards (Giltinane, 2013). Directive leaders act by actively monitoring the performance to provide suitable feedback that can include both rewards and penalties. This approach closely relates to the transactional. However, it differs in that the latter does not offer employee guidance. Transactional leadership only focuses on the provision of contingent rewards and punishments to the employees. Directive leadership works best when improving the core organizational tasks that are relatively static and predictable (Martin, Liao, Campbell, 2013). Leaders prescribe the guidelines for the tasks in adva nce. Employees are expected to assume the respective roles as the leaders watch from a distance with little or no active involvement. According to path-goal theorists, directive leaders ensure improved performance through constant monitoring and provision of timely direction to the employees who seem to lag behind (Northhouse, 2015)Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Leadership, Power, and Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Comparison and Contrast Various studies have shown that leadership behavior and styles are strongly linked to the employee performance. The abovementioned leadership approaches have been shown to contrast in terms of the degree of autonomy and power vested in the leaders. For instance, the directive leadership seeks to provide employees with concise guidelines to attain set goals whilst the empowering approach focuses on granting them some degree of power and autonomy to make indep endent decisions (Martin et al., 2013). Secondly, the empowering leadership model involves motivating the employees to assume more roles including the involvement in decision-making. The directive leaders only monitor and guide weak employees towards improved performance. These two leadership approaches have different outcomes regarding task performance and employee activity. The empowering leadership approach achieves motivation and confidence amongst the employees that translates to increased proactive performance (Giltinane, 2013). Conclusion The leadership approaches focus on different methods of influencing the employee performance. In the wake of technological advancement and shifting organizational activities, leaders ought to embrace the best approaches that integrate these changes and needs. The empowering leadership approach can boost the employees’ commitment as leaders grant them autonomy and provide support to additional roles within the organization. Directive l eadership has become outmoded as the mere monitoring of employees does not yield observable results in the long-run. The organization needs to focus on embracing more inclusive leadership approaches that take into account the stakeholder inputs for overall organizational performance. Reference List Appelbaum, S., Karasek, R., Lapointe, F., Quelch, K. (2015). Employee empowerment: factors affecting the consequent success or failure (Part II). Industrial Commercial Training, 47(1), 23. Giltinane, C. (2013). Leadership styles and theories. Nursing Standard, 27(41), 35-39.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Martin, S., Liao, H., Campbell, E. (2013). Directive versus empowering leadership: a field experiment comparing impacts on task proficiency and proactivity. Academy Of Management Journal, 56(5), 1372-1395. Northhouse, P. (2015). Leadership, Theory and Practice. Sage: Thousand Oaks Van Wart, M. (2013). Lessons from Leadership Theory and the Contemporary Challenges of Leaders. Public Administration Review, 73(4), 553-565. This term paper on Leadership, Power, and Management was written and submitted by user Rumiko Fujikawa to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.